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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Existence
Survey article by Barry Miller.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existenc...
Fuzzy Logic
Survey of logical systems with a continuum of truth values; by Petr Hajek.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-fu...
Logic and games
Survey of game-theoretical approaches to logic; by Wilfrid Hodges.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ga...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Physicalism
Discussion of the thesis that everything is physical; by Daniel Stoljar.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physical...
Personal Autonomy
Survey of philosophical theories about what it is to govern oneself; by Sarah Buss.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/personal...
Nineteenth Century Geometry
Philosophical-historical survey of the development of geometry in the 19th century. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Roberto Toretti.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/geometry...
Conventionality of Simultaneity
By Allen I. Janis, University of Pittsburgh.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetim...
Roman Ingarden
Life and work of Polish phenomenologist, ontologist and aesthetician; by Amie Thomasson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ingarden...
Salomon Maimon
Life and work of contemporary and critic of Kant; by Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimon/
Folk Psychology as Mental Simulation
By Robert M. Gordon, University of Missouri.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsyc...
Aristotle's Psychology
Recounts the principal and distinctive claims of Aristotle's psychological writings, especially "De Anima." By Christopher Shields of the University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotl...
Descartes' Epistemology
By Lex Newman of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descarte...
Pyrrho
The life and work of the founder of Pyrrhonism; by Richard Bett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pyrrho/
Identity Politics
History of the political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of injustice of members of certain social groups; by Cressida Heyes.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity...
Propositional Attitude Reports
Explores semantic accounts of propositional attitude reports, and some of the theories developed to deal with Frege's puzzle. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Thomas J. McKay.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prop-att...
The Medieval Problem of Universals
By Gyula Klima.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/universa...
Properties
Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy by Chris Swoyer. Principally concerned with existence and identity conditions.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properti...
The Modern History of Computing
Historical survey from Babbage onward; by B. Jack Copeland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computin...
Informal Logic
Article in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, by Leo Groarke.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-in...
Friedrich Nietzsche
Robert Wicks, University of Auckland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsch...
Coherence Theory of Truth
The truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of propositions. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by James O. Young.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-co...
Epiphenomenalism
Discusses the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no effects upon any physical events. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by William S. Robinson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epipheno...
John Austin
Life and work of 19th century British legal philosopher and founder of legal positivism; by Brian Bix.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-j...
Species
Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Marc Ereshefsky.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/species/
Feminist Perspectives on the Self
By Diana Meyers of the University of Connecticut.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism...
Feminist Ethics
By Rosemarie Tong, Davidson College.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism...
The Moral Status of Animals
Philosophical theories about the difference between animals and humans responsible for the moral status of humans. By Lori Gruen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-an...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Abstract Objects
Survey of attempts to draw the distinction between concrete and abstract objects; by Gideon Rosen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract...
Mental Representation
A mental representation is a mental object with semantic properties. According to the Representational Theory of Mind, psychological states are to be understood as relations between agents and mental representations. Article from the Stanford Encyclopedia, by David Pitt.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-r...
Doing vs. Allowing Harm
Views on the moral difference between doing harm and allowing harm; by Frances Howard-Snyder.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/doing-al...
Homosexuality
Philosophical issues in homosexuality and queer theory; by Brent Pickett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexu...
Consequentialism
The view that normative properties depend only on consequences; by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conseque...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Descartes' Ontological Argument
Discussion of René Descartes' ontological proof of the existence of God. By Lawrence Nolan.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descarte...
Nicolas Malebranche
Life and work of French Cartesian philosopher; by Tad Schmaltz.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/malebran...
Naturalism in Legal Philosophy
Discusses naturalistic theses in the philosophy of law; by Brian Leiter.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-...
Albert of Saxony
Life and work of 14th century German logician and philosopher; by Joël Biard.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/albert-s...
Speusippus
Life and work of Speusippus of Athens, son of Plato's sister Potone and head of the Academy; by Russell Dancy.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/speusipp...
Formal Learning Theory
Discusses mathematical approaches to normative epistemology; by Oliver Schulte.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/learning...
Artifact
By Risto Hilpinen of the University of Miami.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/artifact...
Charles Sanders Peirce
Life and work of 19th century American logician and philosopher; by Robert Burch.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce/
Medieval Theories of Practical Reason
From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Anthony Celano.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/practica...
Mental Imagery
By Nigel Thomas of Leeds University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-i...
Logical Form
Introduction to logical form, surface and deep meaning. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Paul M. Pietroski.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Events
Survey of philosophical views on the character and status of events; by Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/events/
Many-Valued Logic
Survey article on multiple-valued logics, by Siegfried Gottwaldof of Leipzig University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ma...
The Experience and Perception of Time
By Robin Le Poidevin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-exp...
Square of Opposition
By Terence Parsons.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/square/
Social Epistemology
Survey of views on the social dimension of knowledge; by Alvin Goldman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemo...
Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle
From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Frank Arntzenius.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immutability
Entry by Brian Leftow on the doctrine that God cannot undergo real change.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/immutabi...
Bayesian Epistemology
Epistemological movement based on Bayesian confirmation and decision theory; by William Talbott.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemo...
Moral Skepticism
Survey of forms of scepticism about moral knowledge; Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skeptici...
Identity Theory of Truth
When a truth-bearer (e.g. a proposition) is true, there is a truth-maker (e.g. a fact) with which it is identical and the truth of the former consists in its identity with the latter. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Stewart Candlish.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-id...
The Epistemology of Religion
By Peter Forrest.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religion...
War
Article on the ethics of war and peace, the Just War theory, and pacifism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Brian D. Orend.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/
Timon of Phlius
Timon (c. 320-230 BC) was the younger contemporary and leading disciple of Pyrrho; by Richard Bett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/timon-ph...
The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra
Survey of the algebra of two-valued logic; by J. Donald Monk.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boolalg-...
Legal Punishment
Justifications of legal punishment; by Antony Duff.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-pu...
Saint Anselm
By Thomas Williams, University of Iowa.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anselm/
Deflationary Theory of Truth
According to the deflationary theory of truth, to assert that a statement is true is just to assert the statement itself. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Daniel Stoljar.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-de...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Actualism
The thesis that there are no merely possible entities; by Christopher Menzel.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/actualis...
Quantum Logic and Quantum Probability
How quantum mechanics can be regarded as a non-classical probabilistic calculus; by Alexander Wilce.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-quant...
Feminist History of Philosophy
Survey of feminist writing on the philosophical canon; by Charlotte Witt.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism...
Stanford Encyclopedia - The Computational Theory of Mind
The philosophical theory that the mind is, or functions like, a computer; by Steven Horst.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computat...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Theological Voluntarism
Survey of divine command theory by Mark Murphy.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/voluntar...
Space and Time: Inertial Frames
On the frames of reference relative to which motion and rest are measured; by Robert DiSalle.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetim...
Connectionism
Movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by James W. Garson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/connecti...
Contractarianism
By Ann E. Cudd, University of Kansas.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contract...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: The Hole Argument
The hole argument is an attempt to illustrate how spacetime substantivalism causes errors in a large class of spacetime theories; by John D. Norton.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetim...
Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy
Survey of work of Thomas Hobbes; by Sharon A. Lloyd.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-m...
Robert Alyngton
Life and work of 14th Century British philosopher, follower of Wyclif and Burley; by Alessandro Conti.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alyngton...
Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics
By Lawrence Sklar.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statphys...
Jonathan Edwards
Life and work of 18th century American philosophical theologian; by William Wainwright.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/edwards/
Consciousness and Intentionality
Discussion of the connection between phenomenal consciousness and intentionality; by Charles Siewert.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciou...
Medieval Theories of Conscience
The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of conscience. By Doug Langston of the University of South Florida.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conscien...
Color
Metaphysical and epistemological accounts of color. By Barry Maund of the University of Western Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/color/
Giambattista Vico
Life and work of 18th century Italian philosopher; by Timothy Costelloe.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vico/
Descartes' Modal Metaphysics
Interpretations of René Descartes' ontology of necessities and possibilities; by David Cunning.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descarte...
Donald Davidson
Jeff Malpas of the University of Tasmania.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/davidson...
Alfred North Whitehead
By A. D. Irvine.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whitehea...
Peirce's Logic
Article in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, by Eric Hammer.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-l...
Integrity
Discussion of integrity as a virtue term; by Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrit...
Probabilistic Causation
"Probabilistic Causation" designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. A primary motivation for the development of such theories is the desire for a theory of causation that does not presuppose physical determinism.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causatio...
Principia Mathematica
Entry by A.D. Irvine discussing Russell and Whitehead's treatise.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principi...
Saint Augustine
By Michael Mendelson of Lehigh University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustin...
Qualia: The Knowledge Argument
Aims to establish that conscious experience involves non-physical properties. It is one of the most discussed arguments against physicalism; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Martine Nida-Rümelin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia-k...
Infinitary Logic
Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-in...
Divine Illumination
Augustine's doctrine described by Robert Pasnau of the University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/illumina...
Correspondence Theory of Truth
The thesis that propositions are made true in virtue of corresponding to facts; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Marian David.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-co...
18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant
Survey of work of, among others, Christian Thomasius and Christian Wolff; by Brigitte Sassen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/18thGerm...
Medieval Theories of Analogy
By E. Jennifer Ashworth of the University of Waterloo.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analogy-...
Alcmaeon
Life and work of early Greek medical writer and philosopher-scientist; by Carl Huffman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alcmaeon...
Aristotle's Logic
Survey of Aristotle's logical work, focus on the "Organon," syllogistic, and dialectic. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robin Smith.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotl...
The Epsilon Calculus
Discussion of David Hilbert's development of this type of logical formalism with emphasis on proof-theoretic methods; by Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epsilon-...
Disjunction
Theory and history of the binary connective 'or'; by Ray Jennings.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/disjunct...
Harriet Taylor Mill
Life and work of 19th century English philosopher and proponent of women's rights; by Dale E. Miller.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/harriet-...
Mally's Deontic Logic
Discussion of Ernst Mally's logic of obligation; by Gert-Jan Lokhorst.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mally-de...
Hegel, G. W. F.
Paul Redding of the University of Sydney.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/
John Locke
Influential 17th century British political philosopher.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/
Adorno, Theodor
Life and work of 20th century German philosopher and critical theorist; by Lambert Zuidervaart.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/adorno/
Ancient Skepticism
Two movements in ancient philosophy, Pyrrhonism, and Academic Skepticism. By Leo Groarke.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skeptici...
Egalitarianism
The view that people should get the same or be treated the same; by Richard Arneson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egalitar...
Stoicism
Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. By Dirk Baltzly.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism...
Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
By Elizabeth Anderson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism...
Philosophy for Children
Discusses introduction of philosophy into the school curriculum; by Michael Pritchard.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/children...
Thought Experiments
By James Robert Brown, University of Toronto.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-...
Richard Rorty
Life and work of 20th century American philosopher; by Bjørn Ramberg.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rorty/
Qualia
Qualia are introspectively accessible, phenomenal aspects of our mental lives. By Michael Tye.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia/
Epistemological Problems of Perception
Discussion of how sense experience justifies or warrants beliefs about the physical world; by Lawrence BonJour.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/percepti...
George Santayana
Life and work of early 20th century Spanish-born American philosopher; by Herman Saatkamp.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/santayan...
Francis of Marchia
Life and work of 14th century French theologian; by Christopher Schabel.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-...
The Analysis of Knowledge
Survey of analyses of the concept of knowledge, including justified true belief and the Gettier problem; by Matthias Steup.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledg...
Intuitionistic Logic
Intuitionistic logic encompasses the principles of logical reasoning which were used by L. E. J. Brouwer in developing his intuitionistic mathematics, beginning in [1907]. Because these principles also underly Russian recursive analysis and the constructive analysis of E. Bishop and his followers, intuitionistic logic may be considered the logical basis of constructive mathematics. From the Stanford Encyclopedia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-in...
Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus)
Life and work of 13th century logician and author of the Tractatus; by Joke Spruyt.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peter-sp...
The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Hugh Everett according to which many universes exist in parallel at the same space and time; by Lev Vaidman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyw...
Higher-order Theories of Consciousness
Theories which explain conscious states by their relations to higher-order representations of them; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Peter Carruthers.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciou...
Behaviorism
By George Graham of University of Alabama at Birmingham.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behavior...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Causal Processes
Bertrand Russell, Wesley Salmon, and conserved quantities. By Phil Dowe.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causatio...
Equality
Survey of social and political equality; by Stefan Gosepath.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality...
Finitism in Geometry
Approaches to geometry that do not presuppose an infinity of points; by Jean-Paul van Bendegem.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/geometry...
Animal Consciousness
By Colin Allen of Texas A & M, addressing the qualitative or phenomenological nature of experience.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciou...
Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract
By Fred D'Agostino.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contract...
Personal Identity
How does a person stay the same person over time? By Eric T. Olson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity...
Aristotle's Metaphysics
Aristotle's notions of category and substance; by S. Marc Cohen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotl...
Robert Boyle
Life and work of 17th century Irish philosopher and physicist; by J. J. McIntosh, University of Calgary.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/
Pantheism
Definition of Pantheism by Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheis...
Logical Constructions
Bertrand Russell referred to several different definitions and philosophical analyses as providing "logical constructions" of certain entities and expressions. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Bernard Linsky.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Holes
An interesting case-study for ontologists and epistemologists.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holes/
Russell, Bertrand
By A. D. Irvine.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell/
Reflective Equilibrium
The result of a process of reflection on an area of (moral) inquiry, a notion figuring prominently in Rawls' Theory of Justice; by Norman Daniels.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reflecti...
Justice as a Virtue
Survey of justice as a virtue from Plato to Rawls; by Michael Slote.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-...
John Duns Scotus
In-depth article on the life, work, and thought of John Duns Scotus. By Thomas Williams.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/duns-sco...
Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge
Discussess the impact of social relations and values on scientific research; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Helen Longino.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientif...
Category Theory
Jean-Pierre Marquis of the University of Montreal introduces the general mathematical theory of structures and systems of structures.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category...
Cognitive Science
The interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Paul Thagard..
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cognitiv...
Libertarianism
Theory about the permissibility of non-consensual force violating property rights in external things and oneself; by Peter Vallentyne.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertar...
Private Language
Entry from the Stanford Encyclopaedeia of Philosophy.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/private-...
Relational Quantum Mechanics
An interpretation of quantum theory which discards the notions of absolute state of a system, absolute value of its physical quantities, or absolute event; by Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relat...
The Kochen-Specker Theorem
By Carsten Held.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kochen-s...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Modal Fictionalism
Survey of the view that claims of necessity and possibility are to be construed as fictional claims; by Daniel Nolan.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fictiona...
Bradley, F. H.
By Stewart Candlish of the University of Western Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bradley/
Curry's Paradox
Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by J. C. Beall.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/curry-pa...
Archytas
Life and work of fourth century BC Greek mathematician, political leader and philosopher; by Carl Huffman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/archytas...
Medieval Theories of Relations
Survey of medieval views concerning the nature and ontological status of relations; by Jeffrey Brower.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relation...
Søren Kierkegaard
Essay about Kierkegaard's life, work, and philosophy by William McDonald.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kierkega...
Plotinus
Life and work of this founder of Neoplatonism; by Lloyd Gerson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plotinus...
Bosanquet, Bernard
William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University introduces the absolute idealist.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bosanque...
Benjamin Peirce
Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-b...
The Language of Thought Hypothesis
Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia by Murat Aydede, surveying the arguments for and against the proposition that thoughts are expressed in a mental language.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/language...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ontological Arguments
A survey by Graham Oppy of arguments for God's existence that do not proceed from observation of the world around us.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ontologi...
Action
Theories about intentional action and agency; by George Wilson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/action/
Aristotle's Rhetoric
Discussion of one of Aristotle's major works; by Christof Rapp.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotl...
Zeno's Paradoxes
Discusses the paradoxes of Zeno of Elea, e.g., Achilles and the Tortoise; by Nick Huggett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-...
Automated Reasoning
Survey of automated deduction and theorem proving; by Frederic Portoraro.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasonin...
The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
First interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Nields Bohr; by Jan Faye.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copen...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Voluntary Euthanasia
A comprehensive entry with background information on the issue.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanas...
Paraconsistent Logic
The development of paraconsistent logic was initiated in order to challenge the logical principle that anything follows from contradictory premises, ex contradictione quodlibet. By Koji Tanaka, from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-pa...
Set Theory
Survey of the mathematical theory of the infinite; by Thomas Jech.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/set-theo...
Teleological Notions in Biology
Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Colin Allen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleolog...
Historicist Theories of Rationality
By Carl Matheson of the University of Manitoba.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rational...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Incompatibilist (Nondeterministic) Theories of Free Will
Randolph Clarke's survey of theories of freedom according to which it is inconsistent with causal determinism.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incompat...
William Whewell
Life and work of 19th century British philosopher; by Laura J. Snyder.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whewell/
Arthur Prior
Detailed biographical article by B. Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prior/
Johann Georg Hamann
Life and work of this German Enlightenment philosopher; by Gwen Griffith-Dickson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hamann/
Punishment
Philosophical justifications of punishment; by Hugo Adam Bedau.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/punishme...
Relevance Logic
Article in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, by Edwin Mares.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-re...
Bayes' Theorem
Discussion of a formula to calculate conditional probabilities which figures in subjectivist approaches to epistemology; by James Joyce.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bayes-th...
Naturalized Epistemology
The view that epistemology is of one piece with natural science; by Richard Feldman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemo...
Aristotle's Political Theory
By Fred D. Miller, Jr of Bowling Green State University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotl...
Confucius
The life and work of the Chinese philosopher and educator; by Jeffrey Riegel.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confuciu...
The Problem of Evil
Does the world contain undesirable states of affairs that provide the basis for an argument that makes it unreasonable for anyone to believe in the existence of God?; by Michael Tooley.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evil/
Classical Logic
Introduction to classical logic, including completeness and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems; by Stewart Shapiro.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-cl...
Aesthetic Judgment
Philosophical theories about judgments of taste; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Nick Zangwill.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aestheti...
Structured Propositions
To say that propositions are structured is to say that they are complex entities, entities having parts or constituents. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Jeffrey C. King.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/proposit...
Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury]
Life and work of 18th century English philosopher; by Michael Gill.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesb...
Experiment in Physics
On the uses, value, and epistomelogy of experiment. By Allan Franklin, University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-...
Medieval Theories of Properties of Terms
The theories of proprietates terminorum was the basis of medieval semantic theory; by Stephen Read.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval...
Analysis
The historical development and conceptual structure of philosophical analysis; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Michael Beaney.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis...
Turing Machine
Article on Turing Machines from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-m...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Philosophy and Christian Theology
Michael Murray's discussion of philosophical implications of Christian theological views.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christia...
Episteme and Techne
Discussion of the distinction between knowledge and craft, or art in ancient philosophy; by Richard Parry.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/episteme...
Moral Particularism
The claim that there are no defensible moral principles; by Jonathan Dancy.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-pa...
Eliminative Materialism
The view that some or all of the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by William Ramsey.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/material...
Folk Psychology as a Theory
By Ian Ravenscroft, the Flinders University of South Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsyc...
Truthlikeness
Discussion of notion of verisimilitude, closeness to truth; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Graham Oddie.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truthlik...
Measurement in Quantum Theory
Study of the details and some of the implications of the measurement problem. By Henry Krips of the University of Pittsburgh.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-measu...
Prisoner's Dilemma
By Steven T. Kuhn of Georgetown University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prisoner...
Impartiality
Survey of views on moral impartiality; by Troy Jollimore.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impartia...
Constitutionalism
Philosophical survey of the idea that government should be limited in its powers by law; by Wil Waluchow.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/constitu...
Karl Popper
By Stephen Thornton from the University of Limerick.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper/
Friedrich Daniel Schleiermacher
Life and work of the 18th century German philosopher; by Michael Forster.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schleier...
Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach
Life and work of French Enlightenment philosoher; by Michael LeBuffe.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holbach/
Substructural Logics
By Greg Restall of Macquarie University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-su...
Alan M. Turing
Life and work of philosopher and mathematician Alan Mathison Turing; by Andrew Hodges.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/
Thomas Reid
Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by Gideon Yaffe.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reid/
Inconsistent Mathematics
Inconsistent mathematics is the study of the mathematical theories that result when classical mathematical axioms are asserted within the framework of a (non-classical) logic which can tolerate the presence of a contradiction without turning every sentence into a theorem. By Chris Mortensen, from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathemat...
Miracles
Exploring Hume's argument and the religious significance. By Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles...
Max Stirner
Life and work of German philosopher of egoism; by David Leopold.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/max-stir...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Time Travel and Modern Physics
The paradoxes inherent in the idea of time travel are explained in the context of modern physics; by Tim Maudlin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-tra...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Tropes
An article describing tropes; by John Bacon.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tropes/
Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century
Survey of Scottish Enlightenment philosophers, including Francis Hutcheson, Henry Home (Lord Kames), and George Campbell; by lexander Broadie.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scottish...
Realism
Survey of realism and anti-realism in various forms; by Alexander Miller.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism/
Cosmology: Methodological Debates 1932-48
Discusses philosophical views about cosmology in the 1930s and 1940s; by George Gale.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmolog...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Counterfactual Theories of Causation
Discussion of analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals; by Peter Menzies.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causatio...
Philip the Chancellor
Life and work of this 13th-century philosopher, theologian, and lyric poet. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Colleen McCluskey.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philip-c...
Public Justification
By Fred D'Agostino, University of New England, Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justific...
The Definition of Morality
Discussion of various descriptive and normative definitions of the term; Bernard Gert.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/morality...
Karl Leonhard Reinhold
Life and work of 19th century Austrian philosopher; by Dan Breazeale.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/karl-rei...
Gottlob Frege
Edward N. Zalta of the Metaphysics Research Lab.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege/
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Cosmology and Theology
Reasoning known as the cosmological argument attempts to justify belief in God by pointing to the existence of the cosmos, its causal orderliness, and alleged evidence of its being in some sense designed to include life and intelligence.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmolog...
Church-Turing Thesis
Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand outlines this frequently misunderstood thesis.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-t...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Pascal's Wager
Argument due to Blaise Pascal for believing, or for at least taking steps to believe, in God. Encyclopedia entry by Alan Hájek.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pascal-w...
Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory
Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Steven French.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-idind...
William James
Life and work of 19th century American philosopher; by Russell Goodman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/
Hilbert's Program
In 1921, David Hilbert made a proposal for a formalist foundation of mathematics, for which a finitary consistency proof should establish the security of mathematics. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Richard Zach.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hilbert-...
William Penbygull
Life and work of 15th Century Oxford Realist philosopher; by Alessandro Conti.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/penbygul...
Singular Propositions
Singular propositions (also called `Russellian propositions') are propositions that are about a particular object or individual in virtue of having the object or individual as a constituent of the proposition. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by G. W. Fitch.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/proposit...
Desert
Moral issues of desert (punishment, success) and justice; by Owen McLeod.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desert/
Moral Dilemmas
Discusses cases of conflicting moral requirements; by Terrance McConnell.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-di...
Game Theory
Von Neumann and Morgensterns mathematical theory of bargaining, introduced by Don Ross University of Cape Town.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-the...
Biological Altruism
Discussion of how altruistic behavior by organisms fits with the theory of evolution; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Samir Okasha.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism...
The Biological Notion of Self and Non-self
Stanford Encyclopedia entry on the notion of the immune self; by Alfred Tauber.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biology-...
The Identity Theory of Mind
Evaluates the theory that holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by J. J. C. Smart.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mind-ide...
Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification
Survey of theories according to which knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. By Richard Fumerton of the University of Iowa.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-f...
Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning
Survey of theories on legal reasoning; by Julie Dickson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-re...
René Descartes' Life and Works
Provides a detailed look at his life and writings.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descarte...
Holism and Nonseparability in Physics
Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-...
Vagueness
Article in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, by Roy Sorensen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vaguenes...
Determinates vs. Determinables
A distinction introduced by W. E. Johnson to apply, e.g., to red and colored; by David H. Sanford.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determin...
Privacy
Survey of philosophical views about privacy; by Judith DeCew.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/privacy/
Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology
Discussion of Plato's views on metaphysics and the theory of knowledge, including his theory of forms; by Allan Silverman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-me...
Frege's Logic, Theorem, and Foundations for Arithmetic
By Edward N. Zalta of Stanford University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege-lo...
Biodiversity
Discussion of philosophical issues related to biological diversity; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Daniel P. Faith.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiver...
Leibniz on the Problem of Evil
By Michael J. Murray, Franklin & Marshall College.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-...
Constructive Mathematics
Constructive mathematics is distinguished from its traditional counterpart, classical mathematics, by the strict interpretation of the phrase `there exists' as `we can construct'. In order to work constructively, we need to re-interpret not only the existential quantifier but all the logical connectives and quantifiers as instructions on how to construct a proof of the statement involving these logical expressions. From the Stanford Encyclopedia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathemat...
Brentano's Theory of Judgement
Discussion of Franz Brentano's foundation for logic and epistemology; by Johannes Brandl.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brentano...
Saadya [Saadiah]
Life and work of Saadya Gaon (Saadya ben Joseph, known in Arabic as Sa'id ‘ibn Yusuf al-Fayyûmî, 10th century theologian, philosopher and rabbi; by Sarah Pessin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/saadya/
Richard the Sophister
Richardus Sophista was an English philosopher/logician who studied at Oxford most likely sometime during the second quarter of the thirteenth century. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Paul Streveler.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/richard-...
William of Ockham
Occam (1287-1347) was one of the most important philosophers of the Middle Ages. By Paul Vincent Spade.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/
Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind
By Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-...
Cosmopolitanism
The view that all human beings belong to a single community; by Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmopol...
Environmental Ethics
Branch of ethics dealing with the moral relationship of humans to the environment; by Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-e...
Robert Holkot
Life and Work of Robert Holcot, 14th Century English philosopher and theologian; by Hester Gelber.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holkot/
Representational Theories of Consciousness
By William Lycan, University of North Carolina.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciou...
Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics
From the fact that mathematics is indispensable to science, some philosophers have drawn serious metaphysical conclusions. In particular, Quine and Putnam have argued that the indispensability of mathematics to empirical science gives us good reason to believe in the existence of mathematical entities. From the Stanford Encyclopedia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathphil...
Relative Identity
The view that there are objects which are the same F yet not the same G; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Harry Deutsch.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity...
Scientific Explanation
Philosophical theories about the nature of explanation in science; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by James Woodward.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientif...
Quantum Mechanics
Survey by Jenann Ismael.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm/
The Nature of Law
Survey of theories on the conditions of legal validity including natural law theories and legal positivism, from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-...
Thomas of Erfurt
Life and work of medieval philosopher and member of the Modists; by Jack Zupko.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/erfurt/
Arthur Schopenhauer
Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Robert Wicks.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schopenh...
Dante Alighieri
Life and work of 13th century Italian poet and philosopher; by Winthrop Wetherbee.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dante/
Intertheory Relations in Physics
Discussion of theory reduction in science; by Robert Batterman from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Mereology
The relations of part to whole and of part to part within a whole; by Achille Varzi.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereolog...
Panpsychism
The doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by William Seager.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/panpsych...
Temporal Logic
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the subject, with a detailed description, application areas and a bibliography.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-te...
David Hume
Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by William Edward Morris.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume/
Supertasks
Introduced by Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia from the University of the Basque Country.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetim...
The Free Rider Problem
Philosophical issues related to collective action; by Russell Hardin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/free-rid...
Evolutionary Epistemology
Survey of naturalistic epistemology which emphasizes importance of natural selection; by Michael Bradie and William Harms
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemo...
Scientific Realism
Stanford Encyclopedia entry on thesis that science discovers truths about a theory-independent reality; by Richard Boyd.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientif...
John Buridan
Life and work of late Medieval philosopher; by Jack Zupko.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buridan/
The St. Petersburg Paradox
By Robert M. Martin, Dalhousie University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-...
Scottish Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century
Survey of the work of William Hamilton, James Frederick Ferrier, and Alexander Bain; by Gordon Graham.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scottish...
Wilfrid Sellars
By Jay F. Rosenberg.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sellars/
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - The Turing Test
Proposal due to Alan Turing for a criterion of the presence of mind or consciousness; by Graham Oppy and David Dowe.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-t...
Sorites Paradox
Article in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, by Dominic Hyde.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sorites-...
Laws of Nature
Philosophical theories about what it is to be a law; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by John W. Carroll.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laws-of-...
Semantic Challenges to Realism
Realism and the representation problem; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Drew Khlentzos.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-...
Distributive Justice
By Julian Lamont, University of Queensland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-...
Liberalism
General philosophical theory outlined by Gerald F. Gaus in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberali...
Charles Hartshorne
Life and work of 20th Century metaphysician and philosopher of religion; by Dan Dombrowski.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hartshor...
Aristotle's Ethics
Discussion of Aristotle's ethical views; by Richard Kraut.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotl...
Original Position
The original position is a hypothetical situation in which rational calculators, acting as agents or trustees for the interests of concrete individuals, are pictured as choosing those principles of social relations under which their principals would do best. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Fred D'Agostino.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/original...
Medieval Theories of Modality
By Simo Knuuttila of the University of Helsinki.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/modality...
Russell's Paradox
Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy by A. D. Irvine.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell-...
The Identity of Indiscernibles
Entry by Peter Forrest in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. The principle is due to Leibniz, and states two entities are identical if they share the same properties.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity...
Being and Becoming in Modern Physics
Discusses implications of general relativity for the philosophy of time; by Steven Savitt.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetim...
Peter John Olivi
Life and work of one of the most original and interesting philosophers of the later Middle Ages. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robert Pasnau.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/olivi/
Death
Discussion of philosophical issues about death; by Steven Luper.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/death/
Revision Theory of Truth
Theory developed in an attempt to analyze paradoxes such as the liar paradox that appear to show that common-sense beliefs about truth are inconsistent. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Eric M. Hammer.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-re...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Omnipotence
The theistic thesis that God has maximal power. By Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/omnipote...
Virtue Epistemology
By John Greco of Fordham.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemo...
William Godwin
Article on the life and work of the founder of philosophical anarchism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Mark Philp.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/godwin/
Paul Feyerabend
Biographical and expository essay by John Preston of Reading University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feyerabe...
Collapse Theories
Survey of the dynamical reduction program; by Giancarlo Ghirardi.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-colla...
The Philosophy of Neuroscience
By John Bickle and Peter Mandik.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neurosci...
Process Philosophy
View that puts processes at the center of metaphysics; by Nicholas Rescher.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-...
Globalization
William Scheuerman's social theory and philosophical issues on the topic.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globaliz...
Dialetheism
A dialetheia is a true contradiction, a statement, A, such that both it and its negation, A, are true. Hence, dialeth(e)ism is the view that there are true contradictions. Dialetheism opposes the so-called Law of Non-Contradiction. By Graham Priest, from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dialethe...
Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. By Jeffrey A. Barrett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-evere...
Sovereignty
Modern notion of political authority of supreme authority within a territory; by Dan Philpott.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sovereig...
Thomas Aquinas
Biographical and expository essay, by Ralph McInerny.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/
Philosophy of Childhood
The philosophy of childhood takes up philosophically interesting questions about childhood, about conceptions people have of childhood and attitudes they have toward children; by Gareth Matthews.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/childhoo...
Maritain, Jacques
By William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maritain...
Baruch Spinoza
Life and work of 17th century Dutch Rationalist philosopher; by Steven Nadler.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/
Multiple Realizability
Discusses the contention that a given mental kind (property, state, event) is realized by distinct physical kinds. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by John Bickle.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/multiple...
The Unity of Consciousness
History and philosophical accounts of unity of consciousness; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Andrew Brook.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciou...
Modal Logic
Originally the study of deductive behavior of the expressions `it is necessary that' and `it is possible that', now also includes logics for belief, tense, the deontic (moral) expressions. By James W. Garson, University of Houston.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-mo...
Bruno Bauer
Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Douglas Moggach.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bauer/
Moral Responsibility
Historical survey of the concept of moral responsibility; by Andrew Eshleman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-re...
Robert Desgabets
Life and work of 17th century Cartesian philosopher; by Patricia Easton.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desgabet...
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2006